International union of pharmacology.: XLV.: Classification of the kinin receptor family:: from molecular mechanisms to pathophysiological consequences

Kinins are proinflammatory peptides that mediate numerous vascular and pain responses to tissue injury. Two pharmacologically distinct kinin receptor subtypes have been identified and characterized for these peptides, which are named B-1 and B-2 and belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. The B-2 receptor mediates the action of bradykinin (BK) and lysyl-bradykinin (Lys-BK), the first set of bioactive kinins formed in response to injury from kininogen precursors through the actions of plasma and tissue kallikreins, whereas the B-1 receptor mediates the action of des-Arg(9)-BK and Lys-des-Arg(9)-BK, the second set of bioactive kinins formed through the actions of carboxypeptidases on BK and Lys-BK, respectively. The B-2 receptor is ubiquitous and constitutively expressed, whereas the B-1 receptor is expressed at a very low level in healthy tissues but induced following injury by various proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta. Both receptors act through Galpha(q) to stimulate phospholipase Cbeta followed by phosphoinositide hydrolysis and intracellular free Ca2+ mobilization and through Galpha(i) to inhibit adenylate cyclase and stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. The use of mice lacking each receptor gene and various specific peptidic and non-peptidic antagonists have implicated both B-1 and B-2 receptors as potential therapeutic targets in several pathophysiological events related to inflammation such as pain, sepsis, allergic asthma, rhinitis, and edema, as well as diabetes and cancer. This review is a comprehensive presentation of our current understanding of these receptors in terms of molecular and cell biology, physiology, pharmacology, and involvement in human disease and drug development.