Peer-to-peer energy trading of net-zero energy communities with renewable energy systems integrating hydrogen vehicle storage

This study presents peer energy trading management approaches in a net-zero energy community with fundamental units of university campus, commercial office and high-rise residential building groups as per actual energy consumption and simulation data. Hybrid solar photovoltaic and wind turbine systems are developed for power supply to the diversified community integrated with three hydrogen vehicle storage groups based on the TRNSYS platform. An individual peer energy trading price model is proposed for the diversified community to allocate an individual peer trading price to each building group according to its intrinsic energy characteristic and grid import price. The time-of-use peer trading management strategies are further developed for both uniform and individual energy trading price modes to improve the grid flexibility and economy. The study results indicate that the peer energy trading management in the individual trading price mode improves the renewable energy self-consumption ratio by 18.76% and load cover ratio by 11.23% for the net-zero energy community compared with the peer-to-grid trading. The time-of-use trading management in the individual trading price mode can reduce the net grid import energy by 8.93%, grid penalty cost by 142.87%, annual electricity cost by 14.54%, and equivalent carbon emissions by 8.93% (982.36 tCO2), respectively. This comprehensive feasibility study on the typical community with the proposed peer trading price model and management strategies provides significant guidance for renewable energy and hydrogen storage applications in large-scale communities within high-density urban contexts.