Influence of environmental-friendly bio-organic ameliorants on abiotic stress to sustainable agriculture in arid regions: A long term greenhouse study in northwestern Egypt

The problem of soil salinity is rapidly increasing, with more than 950 million hectares affected by salinity stress (Arora et al., 2017). The amelioration of saline-sodic soils using chemical ameliorates could increase CO2 emissions and soil degradation. Therefore, amending saline-sodic soil with environmentally friendly bio-organic ameliorants such as brewer's spent grain (SG) and Azospirillum (A. brasilense) bacteria could represent a safe and cheaper approach compared to other organic (compost; CT) and mineral fertilizers. Under greenhouse conditions, maize was grown in saline-sodic soil amended with bio-organic ameliorants. Nine treatments were included; (i) SG1 (23.8 t ha-1); (ii) SG2 (47.6 t ha-1); (iii) TC1 (23.8 t ha-1); (iv) TC2 (47.6 t ha-1); (v) injection of A. brasilense with corn seeds (Az); (vi) combination of A. brasilense and SG (Az + SG1); (vii) combination of A. brasilense and compost (Az + TC1); (viii) mineral fertilizers (NPK) and (ix) the control (CK). The results revealed that soil amended with Az and SG2 significantly decreased the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and higher cation exchange capacity (CEC). Compared with the control, the exchangeable sodium (Ex-Na+) concentration was decreased by 53.2 and 49.27%, for Az and Az + SG1 treatments, respectively. The fresh- and dry weight observed for Az + SG1, SG2, and Az treatments were increased compared to TC1, TC2, NPK, and CK treatments. The grain and biological yields were higher in Az + SG1 and SG2 than in TC2, NPK ameliorants, and CK. The bio-organic ameliorants alleviated the abiotic stress, enhance the growth and productivity of corn plants, decrease soil ESP and Na+ content, and enhance soil fertility. In conclusion, the application of SG2 can enhance the growth, and productivity of maize grown under salinity-sodicity stress. Therefore, SG2 and Az + SG1 are recommended for direct application in saline-sodic soil.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).