Iridium Water Oxidation Catalysts Based on Pyridine-Carbene Alkyl-Substituted Ligands

Iridium complexes bearing pyridine triazolylidene ligands with variable steric hindrance, derived by the presence of an R group (R=H, Me, Et, nPr, iPr, Bu, and Oct) onto the N1-nitrogen, have been synthesized, fully characterized and tested as water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), using chemical sacrificial oxidants (CAN and NaIO4) or in photocatalytic experiments ([Ru(bpy)(3)]Cl-2 as phosensitizer and Na2S2O8 as an electron acceptor). The catalytic activity is barely affected by the nature of R when WO is driven by NaIO4 (1min(-1)<TOF<14min(-1)) or light/[Ru(bpy)(3)]Cl-2/Na2S2O8 (TOF approximate to 0.15min(-1)); on the contrary, a remarkable effect is observed with CAN. Particularly, in the latter case, complexes with R=H and Me exhibit similar activity (10min(-1)<TOF<20min(-1)), whereas all other complexes (R=Et, Pr, i-Pr, Bu, and Oct) are significantly more active and exhibit comparable TOFs in the range 40-130min(-1). Thus, a marked discontinuity in performances occurs when passing from R=Me to R=Et. This can be hardly explained solely based on the previously proposed hypothesis, suggesting that an increased R-dimension might favor the association of iridium complexes leading to the formation of highly active multimetallic species. An additional, more specific effect has to be present. It appears plausible that the steric hindrance introduced in close proximity of the iridium center, when R >= Et, hampers transfer of the hydroperoxo or peroxo moiety from iridium active species to cerium, a process that could slow down kinetics of O-2 evolution.