Gains in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services from the expansion of the planet's protected areas

Protected areas safeguard biodiversity, ensure ecosystem functioning, and deliver ecosystem services to communities. However, only similar to 16% of the world's land area is under some form of protection, prompting international calls to protect at least 30% by 2030. We modeled the outcomes of achieving this 30 x 30 target for terrestrial biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and nutrient regulation. We find that the additional similar to 2.8 million ha of habitat that would be protected would benefit 1134 +/- 175 vertebrate species whose habitats currently lack any form of protection, as well as contribute to either avoided carbon emissions or carbon dioxide sequestration, equivalent to 10.9 +/- 3.6 GtCO(2) year(-1) (28.4 +/- 9.4% of the global nature-based climate-change mitigation potential). Furthermore, expansion of the protected area network would increase its ability to regulate water quality and mitigate nutrient pollution by 142.5 +/- 31.0 MtN year(-1) (28.5 +/- 6.2% of the global nutrient regulation potential).