Effect of Linagliptin vs Glimepiride on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The CAROLINA Randomized Clinical Trial

Key PointsQuestionWhat is the effect of linagliptin compared with glimepiride on major cardiovascular events in patients with relatively early type 2 diabetes and elevated cardiovascular risk? FindingsIn this randomized noninferiority clinical trial that included 6033 participants followed up for a median of 6.3 years, the use of linagliptin compared with glimepiride added to usual care resulted in rates of the composite outcome (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) of 11.8% vs 12.0%. The upper limit of the 95.47% CI of the hazard ratio was 1.14, which met the noninferiority criterion of a hazard ratio of less than 1.3. MeaningCompared with glimepiride, the use of linagliptin demonstrated noninferiority with regard to the risk of major cardiovascular events over a median of 6.3 years in patients with relatively early type 2 diabetes and elevated cardiovascular risk. ImportanceType 2 diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In placebo-controlled cardiovascular safety trials, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin demonstrated noninferiority, but it has not been tested against an active comparator. ObjectiveThis trial assessed cardiovascular outcomes of linagliptin vs glimepiride (sulfonylurea) in patients with relatively early type 2 diabetes and risk factors for or established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRandomized, double-blind, active-controlled, noninferiority trial, with participant screening from November 2010 to December 2012, conducted at 607 hospital and primary care sites in 43 countries involving 6042 participants. Adults with type 2 diabetes, glycated hemoglobin of 6.5% to 8.5%, and elevated cardiovascular risk were eligible for inclusion. Elevated cardiovascular risk was defined as documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, multiple cardiovascular risk factors, aged at least 70 years, and evidence of microvascular complications. Follow-up ended in August 2018. InterventionsPatients were randomized to receive 5 mg of linagliptin once daily (n=3023) or 1 to 4 mg of glimepiride once daily (n=3010) in addition to usual care. Investigators were encouraged to intensify glycemic treatment, primarily by adding or adjusting metformin, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, or insulin, according to clinical need. Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was time to first occurrence of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke with the aim to establish noninferiority of linagliptin vs glimepiride, defined by the upper limit of the 2-sided 95.47% CI for the hazard ratio (HR) of linagliptin relative to glimepiride of less than 1.3. ResultsOf 6042 participants randomized, 6033 (mean age, 64.0 years; 2414 [39.9%] women; mean glycated hemoglobin, 7.2%; median duration of diabetes, 6.3 years; 42% with macrovascular disease; 59% had undergone metformin monotherapy) were treated and analyzed. The median duration of follow-up was 6.3 years. The primary outcome occurred in 356 of 3023 participants (11.8%) in the linagliptin group and 362 of 3010 (12.0%) in the glimepiride group (HR, 0.98 [95.47% CI, 0.84-1.14]; P<.001 for noninferiority), meeting the noninferiority criterion but not superiority (P=.76). Adverse events occurred in 2822 participants (93.4%) in the linagliptin group and 2856 (94.9%) in the glimepiride group, with 15 participants (0.5%) in the linagliptin group vs 16 (0.5%) in the glimepiride group with adjudicated-confirmed acute pancreatitis. At least 1 episode of hypoglycemic adverse events occurred in 320 (10.6%) participants in the linagliptin group and 1132 (37.7%) in the glimepiride group (HR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.21-0.26]). Conclusions and RelevanceAmong adults with relatively early type 2 diabetes and elevated cardiovascular risk, the use of linagliptin compared with glimepiride over a median 6.3 years resulted in a noninferior risk of a composite cardiovascular outcome. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01243424 This randomized noninferiority clinical trial examines the effect of treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin vs the commonly used sulfonylurea glimepiride on cardiovascular safety in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors or established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.