The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors with generalized osteoarthritis: a retrospective study using ICD codes for clinical data repository system

Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with osteoarthritis (OA). T2DM may be associated with generalized OA (GOA >= 3 joints) rather than localized OA (LOA < 3 joints). The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of T2DM in people with GOA compared with LOA and to investigate the association between demographic risk factors and chronic diseases (i.e., T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, neuropathy, and body mass index (BMI)) with GOA compared with LOA. Methods A retrospective review of data was performed, and patients with diagnostic codes for OA were selected. Identified codes included primary GOA, primary LOA, T2DM, hypertension, dyslipidemia, neuropathy, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Information about BMI and medication list was obtained. Chi-square and logistic regression were performed to examine the prevalence and risk factors, respectively. Results Data from 3855 patients (mean age = 66.43 +/- 11.02, 60.9% women) included patients with GOA (n = 1265) and LOA (n = 2590). The prevalence of T2DM was significantly greater among patients with GOA (25.8%) compared with those with LOA (12.0%); however, the GOA group were older. Based on age groups, T2DM was prevalent in 17.8% of GOA compared with 7.2% in LOA for younger adults (aged 45-64 years) and was prevalent in 28.8% of GOA compared with 15.7% in LOA for older adults (aged 65 years or older). The odds ratio of GOA increased in people with chronic diseases compared with those without including T2DM (odds ratio (OR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.78, p = 0.02), hypertension (OR 1.99, CI 1.63-2.43, p < 0.001), and dyslipidemia (OR 3.46, CI 2.86-4.19, p < 0.001), adjusting for covariates. Conclusion Higher prevalence of T2DM was found in people with GOA when compared with LOA across both age groups. T2DM, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were associated with GOA. Future research with longitudinal designs is needed to test the causality of this association.