Vortices, circumfluence, symmetry groups, and Darboux transformations of the (2+1)-dimensional Euler equation

The Euler equation (EE) is one of the basic equations in many physical fields such as fluids, plasmas, condensed matter, astrophysics, and oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. A symmetry group theorem of the (2+1)-dimensional EE is obtained via a simple direct method which is thus utilized to find exact analytical vortex and circumfluence solutions. A weak Darboux transformation theorem of the (2+1)-dimensional EE can be obtained for an arbitrary spectral parameter from the general symmetry group theorem. Possible applications of the vortex and circumfluence solutions to tropical cyclones, especially Hurricane Katrina 2005, are demonstrated.