Inhaled corticosteroid beliefs, complementary and alternative medicine, and uncontrolled asthma in urban minority adults

Background: Many factors contribute to uncontrolled asthma; negative inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) beliefs and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) endorsement are 2 that are more prevalent in black compared with white adults. Objectives: This mixed-methods study (1) developed and psychometrically tested a brief self-administered tool with low literacy demands to identify negative ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement and (2) evaluated the clinical utility of the tool as a communication prompt in primary care. Methods: Comprehensive literature reviews and content experts identified candidate items for our instrument that were distributed to 304 subjects for psychometric testing. In the second phase content analysis of 33 audio-recorded primary care visits provided a preliminary evaluation of the instrument's clinical utility. Results: Psychometric testing of the instrument identified 17 items representing ICS beliefs (alpha = .59) and CAM endorsement (alpha = .68). Test-retest analysis demonstrated a high level of reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77 for CAM items and 0.79 for ICS items). We found high rates of CAM endorsement (93%), negative ICS beliefs (68%), and uncontrolled asthma (69%). CAM endorsement was significantly associated with uncontrolled asthma (P = .04). Qualitative data analysis provided preliminary evidence for the instrument's clinical utility in that knowledge of ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement prompted providers to initiate discussions with patients. Conclusion: Negative ICS beliefs and CAM endorsement were common and associated with uncontrolled asthma. A brief self-administered instrument that identifies beliefs and behaviors that likely undermine ICS adherence might be a leveraging tool to change the content of communications during clinic visits.