Prediction of three-dimensional fractal dimensions using the two-dimensional properties of fractal aggregates

Fractal dimension analysis using an optical imaging analysis technique is a powerful tool in obtaining morphological information of particulate aggregates formed in coagulation processes. However, as image analysis uses two-dimensional projected images of the aggregates, it is only applicable to one and two-dimensional fractal analyses. In this study, three-dimensional fractal dimensions are estimated from image analysis by characterizing relationships between three-dimensional fractal dimensions (D-3) and one (D-1) and two-dimensional fractal dimensions (D-2 and D-pf). The characterization of these fractal dimensions were achieved by creating populations of aggregates based on the pre-defined radius of gyration while varying the number of primary particles in an aggregate and three-dimensional fractal dimensions. Approximately 2000 simulated aggregates were grouped into 33 populations based on the radius of gyration of each aggregate class. Each population included from 15 to 115 aggregates and the number of primary particles in an aggregate varied from 10 to 1000. Characterization of the fractal dimensions demonstrated that the one-dimensional fractal dimensions could not be used to estimate two- and three-dimensional fractal dimensions. However, two-dimensional fractal dimensions obtained statistically, well-characterized relationships with aggregates of a three-dimensional fractal characterization. Three-dimensional fractal dimensions obtained in this study were compared with previously published experimental values where both two-dimensional fractal and three-dimensional fractal data were given. In the case of inorganic aggregates, when experimentally obtained three-dimensional fractal dimensions were 1.75, 1.86, 1.83 +/- 0.07, 2.24 +/- 0.22, and 1.72 +/- 0.13, computed three-dimensional fractal dimensions using two-dimensional fractal dimensions were 1.75, 1.76, 1.77 +/- 0.04, 2.11 +/- 0.09, and 1.76 +/- 0.03, respectively. However, when primary particles were biological colloids, experimentally obtained three-dimensional fractal dimensions were 1.99 +/- 0.08 and 2.14 +/- 0.04, and computed values were both 1.79 +/- 0.08. Analysis of the three-dimensional fractal dimensions with the imaging analysis technique was comparable to the conventional methods of both light scattering and electrical sensing when primary particles are inorganic colloids. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.