Re-Os isotope evidence from Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts for secular evolution of the mantle beneath the North China Craton

The mechanism and process of lithospheric thinning beneath the North China Craton (NCC) are still debated. A key criterion in distinguishing among the proposed mechanisms is whether associated continental basalts were derived from the thinning lithospheric mantle or upwelling asthenosphere. Herein, we investigate the possible mechanisms of lithospheric thinning based on a systematic Re-Os isotopic study of Mesozoic to Cenozoic basalts from the NCC. Our whole-rock Re-Os isotopic results indicate that the Mesozoic basalts generally have high Re and Os concentrations that vary widely from 97.2 to 839.4 ppt and 74.4 to 519.6 ppt, respectively. They have high initial Os-187/Os-188 ratios ranging from 0.1513 to 0.3805, with corresponding variable gamma(Os)(t) values (+ 20 to + 202). In contrast, the Re-Os concentrations and radiogenic Os isotope compositions of the Cenozoic basalts are typically lower than those of the Mesozoic basalts. The lowest initial Os-187/Os-188 ratios of the Cenozoic basalts are 0.1465 and 0.1479, with corresponding gamma(Os)(t) values of + 15 and + 16, which are within the range of ocean island basalts. These new Re-Os isotopic results, combined with the findings of previous studies, indicate that the Mesozoic basalts were a hybrid product of the melting of pyroxenite and peridotite in ancient lithospheric mantle beneath the NCC. The Cenozoic basalts were derived mainly from upwelling asthenosphere mixed with small amounts of lithospheric materials. The marked differences in geochemistry between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts suggest a greatly reduced involvement of lithospheric mantle as the magma source from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic. The subsequent lithospheric thinning of the NCC and replacement by upwelling asthenospheric mantle resulted in a change to asthenosphere-derived Cenozoic basalts.