Effects of ultrasound energy on the porcine corneal endothelium - Establishment of a phacoemulsification damage model

Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish a standardized in vitro phacoemulsification damage model for future investigations of the effects of phacoemulsification, surgical devices, protective ophthalmic viscoelastic devices (OVDs), irrigation solutions and other aspects related to cataract phacoemulsification surgery on the corneal endothelium using porcine eyes. Methods Thirty-four porcine eyes were randomly assigned to three groups (phacoemulsification (n = 13), irrigation (n = 9), control (n = 12)). A total of 5 min of ultrasound energy with intermittent irrigation/aspiration was applied in the eyes of the phacoemulsification group. The eyes of the irrigation group received the identical treatment, but without the application of ultrasound energy. The control group was left untreated. All eyes were then prepared to split corneal buttons followed by 15 days of cultivation. Endothelial cell density (ECD) was assessed blinded on day 15. Results Endothelial cell density declined significantly more until day 15 in the phacoemulsification group (2567 +/- 317/267 cells/mm(2) (median +/- 25%/75%-quartiles), -32.5 +/- 7.0/6.4%) compared to the irrigation (3450 +/- 350/383 cells/mm(2), -11.8 +/- 5.3/2.6%; p < 0.001) and the control group (3650 +/- 288/258 cells/mm(2), -10.2 +/- 3.2/4.6%; p < 0.001). Conclusion The phacoemulsification damage model presented in this study is sensitive to phacoemulsification energy and may reliably be used to investigate various factors involved in phacoemulsification with regard to their influence on corneal endothelial cells. This method is able to replace animal experiments or in vitro cell culture experiments that often do not translate well to the in vivo situation in humans.