SPATIALLY RESOLVING A STARBURST GALAXY AT HARD X-RAY ENERGIES: NuSTAR, CHANDRA, AND VLBA OBSERVATIONS OF NGC 253

被引：48

作者：

Wik, D. R. ^{[1
,2
]}

Lehmer, B. D. ^{[1
,2
]}

Hornschemeier, A. E. ^{[1
,2
]}

Yukita, M. ^{[1
,2
]}

Ptak, A. ^{[1
,2
]}

Zezas, A. ^{[3
,4
]}

Antoniou, V. ^{[4
]}

Argo, M. K. ^{[5
,6
]}

Bechtol, K. ^{[7
]}

Boggs, S. ^{[8
]}

Christensen, F. ^{[9
]}

Craig, W. ^{[8
,10
]}

Hailey, C. ^{[11
]}

Harrison, F. ^{[12
]}

Krivonos, R. ^{[8
]}

Maccarone, T. J. ^{[13
]}

Stern, D. ^{[14
]}

Venters, T. ^{[1
]}

Zhang, W. W. ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

[2] Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA

[3] Univ Crete, Dept Phys, Iraklion, Greece

[4] Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA

[5] Netherlands Inst Radio Astron, ASTRON, NL-7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands

[6] Univ Manchester, Jodrell Bank Ctr Astrophys, Manchester M13 9PL, Lancs, England

[7] Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA

[8] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[9] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Space Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

[10] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA

[11] Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA

[12] Caltech Div Phys Math & Astron, Pasadena, CA USA

[13] Texas Tech Univ, Dept Phys, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA

[14] CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA

来源：

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL | 2014年 / 797卷 / 02期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

galaxies: individual (NGC 253); galaxies: starburst; galaxies: star formation; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal; X-rays: binaries; X-rays: galaxies; LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES; XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATIONS; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; COMPACT RADIO-SOURCES; LARGE-AREA TELESCOPE; FE K LINE; BLACK-HOLE; NGC-253; STARBURST; NEARBY GALAXIES; EARLY UNIVERSE;

D O I：

10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/79

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Prior to the launch of NuSTAR, it was not feasible to spatially resolve the hard (E > 10 keV) emission from galaxies beyond the Local Group. The combined NuSTAR data set, comprised of three similar to 165 ks observations, allows spatial characterization of the hard X-ray emission in the galaxy NGC 253 for the first time. As a follow up to our initial study of its nuclear region, we present the first results concerning the full galaxy from simultaneous NuSTAR, Chandra, and Very Long Baseline Array monitoring of the local starburst galaxy NGC 253. Above similar to 10 keV, nearly all the emission is concentrated within 100 '' of the galactic center, produced almost exclusively by three nuclear sources, an off-nuclear ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX), and a pulsar candidate that we identify for the first time in these observations. We detect 21 distinct sources in energy bands up to 25 keV, mostly consisting of intermediate state black hole X-ray binaries. The global X-ray emission of the galaxy-dominated by the off-nuclear ULX and nuclear sources, which are also likely ULXs-falls steeply (photon index greater than or similar to 3) above 10 keV, consistent with other NuSTAR-observed ULXs, and no significant excess above the background is detected at E > 40 keV. We report upper limits on diffuse inverse Compton emission for a range of spatial models. For the most extended morphologies considered, these hard X-ray constraints disfavor a dominant inverse Compton component to explain the. gamma-ray emission detected with Fermi and H.E.S.S. If NGC 253 is typical of starburst galaxies at higher redshift, their contribution to the E > 10 keV cosmic X-ray background is < 1%.

引用

页数：20

共 107 条

[1] DETECTION OF GAMMA-RAY EMISSION FROM THE STARBURST GALAXIES M82 AND NGC 253 WITH THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON FERMI [J].

Abdo, A. A. ;

Ackermann, M. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Atwood, W. B. ;

Axelsson, M. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Barbiellini, G. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brez, A. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Burnett, T. H. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cavazzuti, E. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Celik, Oe ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Dermer, C. D. ;

de Angelis, A. ;

de Palma, F. ;

Digel, S. W. ;

do Couto e Silva, E. ;

Drell, P. S. ;

Drlica-Wagner, A. ;

Dubois, R. ;

Dumora, D. ;

Farnier, C. ;

Favuzzi, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Focke, W. B. ;

Foschini, L. ;

Frailis, M. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS, 2010, 709 (02) :L152-L157

[2] SPECTRAL ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE STARBURST GALAXY NGC 253 [J].

Abramowski, A. ;

Acero, F. ;

Aharonian, F. ;

Akhperjanian, A. G. ;

Anton, G. ;

Balzer, A. ;

Barnacka, A. ;

Becherini, Y. ;

Becker, J. ;

Bernloehr, K. ;

Birsin, E. ;

Biteau, J. ;

Bochow, A. ;

Boisson, C. ;

Bolmont, J. ;

Bordas, P. ;

Brucker, J. ;

Brun, F. ;

Brun, P. ;

Bulik, T. ;

Buesching, I. ;

Carrigan, S. ;

Casanova, S. ;

Cerruti, M. ;

Chadwick, P. M. ;

Charbonnier, A. ;

Chaves, R. C. G. ;

Cheesebrough, A. ;

Cologna, G. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Couturier, C. ;

Dalton, M. ;

Daniel, M. K. ;

Davids, I. D. ;

Degrange, B. ;

Deil, C. ;

Dickinson, H. J. ;

Djannati-Atai, A. ;

Domainko, W. ;

Drury, L. O'C. ;

Dubus, G. ;

Dutson, K. ;

Dyks, J. ;

Dyrda, M. ;

Egberts, K. ;

Eger, P. ;

Espigat, P. ;

Fallon, L. ;

Fegan, S. ;

Feinstein, F. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2012, 757 (02)

[3] A connection between star formation activity and cosmic rays in the starburst galaxy M82 [J].

Acciari, V. A. ;

Aliu, E. ;

Arlen, T. ;

Aune, T. ;

Bautista, M. ;

Beilicke, M. ;

Benbow, W. ;

Boltuch, D. ;

Bradbury, S. M. ;

Buckley, J. H. ;

Bugaev, V. ;

Byrum, K. ;

Cannon, A. ;

Celik, O. ;

Cesarini, A. ;

Chow, Y. C. ;

Ciupik, L. ;

Cogan, P. ;

Colin, P. ;

Cui, W. ;

Dickherber, R. ;

Duke, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Finley, J. P. ;

Finnegan, G. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fortson, L. ;

Furniss, A. ;

Galante, N. ;

Gall, D. ;

Gibbs, K. ;

Gillanders, G. H. ;

Godambe, S. ;

Grube, J. ;

Guenette, R. ;

Gyuk, G. ;

Hanna, D. ;

Holder, J. ;

Horan, D. ;

Hui, C. M. ;

Humensky, T. B. ;

Imran, A. ;

Kaaret, P. ;

Karlsson, N. ;

Kertzman, M. ;

Kieda, D. ;

Kildea, J. ;

Konopelko, A. ;

Krawczynski, H. ;

Krennrich, F. .

NATURE, 2009, 462 (7274) :770-772

[4] Detection of Gamma Rays from a Starburst Galaxy [J].

Acero, F. ;

Aharonian, F. ;

Akhperjanian, A. G. ;

Anton, G. ;

de Almeida, U. Barres ;

Bazer-Bachi, A. R. ;

Becherini, Y. ;

Behera, B. ;

Bernloehr, K. ;

Bochow, A. ;

Boisson, C. ;

Bolmont, J. ;

Borrel, V. ;

Brucker, J. ;

Brun, F. ;

Brun, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Bulik, T. ;

Buesching, I. ;

Boutelier, T. ;

Chadwick, P. M. ;

Charbonnier, A. ;

Chaves, R. C. G. ;

Cheesebrough, A. ;

Chounet, L. -M. ;

Clapson, A. C. ;

Coignet, G. ;

Dalton, M. ;

Daniel, M. K. ;

Davids, I. D. ;

Degrange, B. ;

Deil, C. ;

Dickinson, H. J. ;

Djannati-Atai, A. ;

Domainko, W. ;

Drury, L. O'C. ;

Dubois, F. ;

Dubus, G. ;

Dyks, J. ;

Dyrda, M. ;

Egberts, K. ;

Emmanoulopoulos, D. ;

Espigat, P. ;

Farnier, C. ;

Fegan, S. ;

Feinstein, F. ;

Fiasson, A. ;

Foerster, A. ;

Fontaine, G. ;

Fuessling, M. .

SCIENCE, 2009, 326 (5956) :1080-1082

[5] GeV OBSERVATIONS OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES WITH THE FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE [J].

Ackermann, M. ;

Ajello, M. ;

Allafort, A. ;

Baldini, L. ;

Ballet, J. ;

Bastieri, D. ;

Bechtol, K. ;

Bellazzini, R. ;

Berenji, B. ;

Bloom, E. D. ;

Bonamente, E. ;

Borgland, A. W. ;

Bouvier, A. ;

Bregeon, J. ;

Brigida, M. ;

Bruel, P. ;

Buehler, R. ;

Buson, S. ;

Caliandro, G. A. ;

Cameron, R. A. ;

Caraveo, P. A. ;

Casandjian, J. M. ;

Cecchi, C. ;

Charles, E. ;

Chekhtman, A. ;

Cheung, C. C. ;

Chiang, J. ;

Cillis, A. N. ;

Ciprini, S. ;

Claus, R. ;

Cohen-Tanugi, J. ;

Conrad, J. ;

Cutini, S. ;

de Palma, F. ;

Dermer, C. D. ;

Digel, S. W. ;

do Couto e Silva, E. ;

Drell, P. S. ;

Drlica-Wagner, A. ;

Favuzzi, C. ;

Fegan, S. J. ;

Fortin, P. ;

Fukazawa, Y. ;

Funk, S. ;

Fusco, P. ;

Gargano, F. ;

Gasparrini, D. ;

Germani, S. ;

Giglietto, N. ;

Giordano, F. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2012, 755 (02)

[6] THE ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES NGC 1313 X-1 AND X-2: A BROADBAND STUDY WITH NuSTAR AND XMM-Newton [J].

Bachetti, Matteo ;

Rana, Vikram ;

Walton, Dominic J. ;

Barret, Didier ;

Harrison, Fiona A. ;

Boggs, Steven E. ;

Christensen, Finn E. ;

Craig, William W. ;

Fabian, Andrew C. ;

Fuerst, Felix ;

Grefenstette, Brian W. ;

Hailey, Charles J. ;

Hornschemeier, Ann ;

Madsen, Kristin K. ;

Miller, Jon M. ;

Ptak, Andrew F. ;

Stern, Daniel ;

Webb, Natalie A. ;

Zhang, William W. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2013, 778 (02)

[7] LIFTING THE VEIL ON OBSCURED ACCRETION: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI NUMBER COUNTS AND SURVEY STRATEGIES FOR IMAGING HARD X-RAY MISSIONS [J].

Ballantyne, D. R. ;

Draper, A. R. ;

Madsen, K. K. ;

Rigby, J. R. ;

Treister, E. .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2011, 736 (01)

[8] EVIDENCE FOR ELEVATED X-RAY EMISSION IN LOCAL LYMAN BREAK GALAXY ANALOGS [J].

Basu-Zych, Antara R. ;

Lehmer, Bret D. ;

Hornschemeier, Ann E. ;

Goncalves, Thiago S. ;

Fragos, Tassos ;

Heckman, Timothy M. ;

Overzier, Roderik A. ;

Ptak, Andrew F. ;

Schiminovich, David .

ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 2013, 774 (02)

[9] XMM-Newton observations of the diffuse X-ray emission in the starburst galaxy NGC 253 [J].

Bauer, M. ;

Pietsch, W. ;

Trinchieri, G. ;

Breitschwerdt, D. ;

Ehle, M. ;

Freyberg, M. J. ;

Read, A. M. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2008, 489 (03) :1029-U28

[10] High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and imaging of the nuclear outflow of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 [J].

Bauer, M. ;

Pietsch, W. ;

Trinchieri, G. ;

Breitschwerdt, D. ;

Ehle, M. ;

Read, A. .

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2007, 467 (03) :979-989

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 →