The Russian Experience Integration of Regions into the Empire: Karachay in 1821-1834

The article discusses the vicissitudes of the occurrence of the Karachay Duchy in the Russian Empire. In this process, clearly distinguishes two stages. The first of these covers the period from 1821 to 1828. At this time the Russian fortifications, and the posts were placed at the borders of the Karachay lands, but in the relationship of the two parties dominated the military component. The combination of various circumstances led to the fact that Ermolov period Karachay was the only ethnopolitical entities of the Central Caucasus, were not, de facto, political and legal space of Russia. In addition, the intensity of the Russian-Karachay of the relationship, Turkish propaganda and the search for external allies has led to the formation of Ottoman citizenship of Karachay, where he was nominally in the period 1826-28. The turning point in the history of Russian-Karachay of the interaction can be considered as 1828, when in the course of the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war, the Russian command had a separate military operation to conquer the Karachay. Result of the defeat of the troops of the Karachay was the signing by the political elite of the Karachay first the oath of allegiance to the Emperor of Russia, not affecting, however, the traditional political system and the court. From this point it is possible to allocate the second stage of the integration process, covering the period 1828-1834. It can be described as a time of mutual accusations of violating the terms of the oath, particularly in paragraphs relating to the pass through the territory of the Karachay units non-peaceful highlanders and prevent Karachay for trade and other purposes for the line of fortifications. The main levers of pressure on the Karachay from the Russian military in 1831-1834, he began the economic blockade and expulsion from the region of the hostages, issued earlier by the representatives of the political elite. However, the growing mutual interest in each other led to the resumption of dialogue and the signing in September 1834 a new agreement on the Russian citizenship of Karachay. One of the main elements of the oath 1834, was the establishment of a Russian Governor and dealing with the economic issues that formed the basis for further development and integration of Karachay in Russia.