Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients with Cancer and Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Background The safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has not been studied in many cancers, as these patients were excluded from most ICI trials. This poses a degree of uncertainty when a patient with HCV is being considered for ICIs in the absence of data to inform potential adverse events (AEs). Materials and Methods This was a single-institution retrospective chart review of patients with active or resolved HCV who were treated with ICIs for cancer of any type and stage from January 2012 to December 2019, with emphasis on AE rates. Results We identified 40 patients, 30 men and 10 women. Median age was 64 years. Cancer types were non-small cell lung cancer (18; 45%), hepatocellular carcinoma (12; 30%), head and neck cancer (4; 10%), small cell lung cancer (3; 7.5%), renal cell carcinoma (1; 2.5%), colon cancer (1; 2.5%), and melanoma (12.5%). Hepatitis C was untreated in 17 patients (42.5%), treated in 14 (35%), and spontaneously resolved in 9 (22.5%). AEs observed were grade 3 pneumonitis in one patient (2.5%) on pembrolizumab; grade 3 colitis in one patient (2.5%) on nivolumab; hepatotoxicity in two patients (5%) on nivolumab: one patient with grade 1 and the other with grade 2; grade 1-2 fatigue in three patients (7.5%); and hypothyroidism in one patient (2.5%). Conclusion Adverse events rates in patients with untreated and resolved HCV treated with ICI for a variety of cancers were comparable with AEs rates reported in clinical trials for patients without HCV. Implications for Practice The safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with cancer with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major concern because of the lack of prospective safety data for most cancers. HCV is prevalent worldwide, and the occurrence of cancer where ICI is indicated is not uncommon. We retrospectively reviewed all patients with HCV who received ICI for a variety of cancers in our institution over 8 years, and the results are presented in this article. The results may help inform clinical decisions and the design of future clinical trials.