Gamma Ray Showers Observed at Ground Level in Coincidence With Downward Lightning Leaders

被引：70

作者：

Abbasi, R. U. ^{[1
,2
]}

Abu-Zayyad, T. ^{[1
,2
]}

Allen, M. ^{[1
,2
]}

Barcikowski, E. ^{[1
,2
]}

Belz, J. W. ^{[1
,2
]}

Bergman, D. R. ^{[1
,2
]}

Blake, S. A. ^{[1
,2
]}

Byrne, M. ^{[1
,2
]}

Cady, R. ^{[1
,2
]}

Cheon, B. G. ^{[3
,4
]}

Chiba, J. ^{[5
]}

Chikawa, M. ^{[6
]}

Fujii, T. ^{[7
]}

Fukushima, M. ^{[7
,8
]}

Furlich, G. ^{[1
,2
]}

Goto, T. ^{[9
]}

Hanlon, W. ^{[1
,2
]}

Hayashi, Y. ^{[9
]}

Hayashida, N. ^{[10
]}

Hibino, K. ^{[10
]}

Honda, K. ^{[11
]}

Ikeda, D. ^{[7
]}

Inoue, N. ^{[12
]}

Ishii, T. ^{[11
]}

Ito, H. ^{[13
]}

Ivanov, D. ^{[1
,2
]}

Jeong, S. ^{[14
]}

Jui, C. C. H. ^{[1
,2
]}

Kadota, K. ^{[15
]}

Kakimoto, F. ^{[16
]}

Kalashev, O. ^{[17
]}

Kasahara, K. ^{[18
]}

Kawai, H. ^{[19
]}

Kawakami, S. ^{[9
]}

Kawata, K. ^{[7
]}

Kido, E. ^{[7
]}

Kim, H. B. ^{[3
,4
]}

Kim, J. H. ^{[1
,2
,20
]}

Kishigami, S. S. ^{[9
]}

Krehbiel, P. R. ^{[21
]}

Kuzmin, V. ^{[17
]}

Kwon, Y. J. ^{[22
]}

Lan, J. ^{[1
,2
]}

LeVon, R. ^{[1
,2
]}

Lundquist, J. P. ^{[1
,2
]}

Machida, K. ^{[11
]}

Martens, K. ^{[8
]}

Matuyama, T. ^{[9
]}

Matthews, J. N. ^{[1
,2
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Utah, High Energy Astrophys Inst, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA

[2] Univ Utah, Dept Phys & Astron, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA

[3] Hanyang Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul, South Korea

[4] Hanyang Univ, Res Inst Nat Sci, Seoul, South Korea

[5] Tokyo Univ Sci, Dept Phys, Noda, Chiba, Japan

[6] Kinki Univ, Dept Phys, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan

[7] Univ Tokyo, Inst Cosm Ray Res, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

[8] Univ Tokyo, Kavli Inst Phys & Math Universe WPI, Todai Inst Adv Study, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

[9] Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Osaka, Japan

[10] Kanagawa Univ, Fac Engn, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

[11] Univ Yamanashi, Interdisciplinary Grad Sch Med & Engn, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan

[12] Saitama Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Saitama, Japan

[13] RIKEN, Astrophys Big Bang Lab, Wako, Saitama, Japan

[14] Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Phys, Suwon, South Korea

[15] Tokyo City Univ, Dept Phys, Tokyo, Japan

[16] Tokyo Inst Technol, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Tokyo, Japan

[17] Natl Nucl Res Univ, Moscow Engn Phys Inst, Moscow, Russia

[18] Waseda Univ, Adv Res Inst Sci & Engn, Tokyo, Japan

[19] Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba, Japan

[20] Ulsan Natl Inst Sci & Technol, Sch Nat Sci, Dept Phys, Ulsan, South Korea

[21] New Mexico Inst Min & Technol, Langmuir Lab Atmospher Res, Socorro, NM 87801 USA

[22] Yonsei Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul, South Korea

[23] Shinshu Univ, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Nagano, Japan

[24] Kochi Univ, Fac Sci, Kochi, Japan

[25] Ritsumeikan Univ, Dept Phys Sci, Kusatsu, Japan

[26] Kyushu Univ, Dept Phys, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan

[27] Chubu Univ, Engn Sci Lab, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan

[28] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Sternberg Astron Inst, Moscow, Russia

[29] Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA

[30] Univ Tokyo, Earthquake Res Inst, Tokyo, Japan

[31] Osaka Electrocommun Univ, Dept Engn Sci, Fac Engn, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan

[32] Hiroshima City Univ, Grad Sch Informat Sci, Hiroshima, Japan

[33] KEK, Inst Particle & Nucl Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

[34] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

[35] Natl Inst Radiol Sci, Chiba, Japan

[36] Ewha Womans Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul, South Korea

[37] Ewha Womans Univ, Inst Early Universe, Seoul, South Korea

[38] Ehime Univ, Dept Phys, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan

来源：

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES | 2018年 / 123卷 / 13期

基金：

新加坡国家研究基金会; 日本学术振兴会; 美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

NARROW BIPOLAR EVENTS; ENERGETIC RADIATION; RUNAWAY BREAKDOWN; FLASHES; DISCHARGES; ARRAY;

D O I：

10.1029/2017JD027931

中图分类号：

P4 [大气科学（气象学）];

学科分类号：

0706 ; 070601 ;

摘要：

Bursts of gamma ray showers have been observed in coincidence with downward propagating negative leaders in lightning flashes by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD). The TASD is a 700-km(2) cosmic ray observatory located in southwestern Utah, USA. In data collected between 2014 and 2016, correlated observations showing the structure and temporal development of three shower-producing flashes were obtained with a 3-D lightning mapping array, and electric field change measurements were obtained for an additional seven flashes, in both cases colocated with the TASD. National Lightning Detection Network information was also used throughout. The showers arrived in a sequence of 2-5 short-duration (10s) bursts over time intervals of several hundred microseconds and originated at an altitude of similar or equal to 3-5km above ground level during the first 1-2ms of downward negative leader breakdown at the beginning of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The shower footprints, associated waveforms and the effect of atmospheric propagation indicate that the showers consist primarily of downward-beamed gamma radiation. This has been supported by GEANT simulation studies, which indicate primary source fluxes of similar or equal to 10(12)-10(14) photons for 16 degrees half-angle beams. We conclude that the showers are terrestrial gamma ray flashes, similar to those observed by satellites, but that the ground-based observations are more representative of the temporal source activity and are also more sensitive than satellite observations, which detect only the most powerful terrestrial gamma ray flashes.

引用

页码：6864 / 6879

页数：16

共 52 条

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