Genetic models in applied physiology -: Invited review:: Sleeping flies don't lie:: the use of Drosophila melanogaster to study sleep and circadian rhythms

During the past century, flies thoroughly proved their value as an animal model for the study of the genetics of development and basic cell processes. During the past three decades, they have also been extensively used to study the genetics of behavior. For both circadian rhythms and for sleep, flies are helping us to understand the genetic mechanisms that underlie these complex behaviors. Since 1971, discoveries in the fly have led the way to a number of significant discoveries, establishing a mechanistic framework that is now known to be conserved in the mammalian clock. The highlights of this history are described. For sleep, the use of the fly as a model is relatively new, that is, only within the past 2 yr. Nonetheless, studies have already established that two transcription factors alter rest and rest homeostasis. The implications of these advances for the future of sleep research are summarized.