Electrochemical reduction of azo dyes mimicking their biotransformation to more toxic products

被引:15
作者
Pietruk, Konrad [1 ]
Piatkowska, Marta [1 ]
Olejnik, Malgorzata [1 ]
机构
[1] Natl Vet Res Inst, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, PL-24100 Pulawy, Poland
关键词
azo dyes; red-ox; biomimetics; 3R; replacement; ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SUDAN DYES; METABOLISM; TOOL;
D O I
10.2478/jvetres-2019-0044
中图分类号
S85 [动物医学(兽医学)];
学科分类号
0906 ;
摘要
Introduction: Some azo dyes, including Sudans I-IV and Para Red, are genotoxic and may be biotransformed to cancerogenic aromatic amines. They are banned as food and feed additives, but their presence has been detected in food. Aromatic amines are also considered potentially toxic. Online EC-MS is a promising tool to study the transformation mechanisms of xenobiotics such as azo dyes. The aim of the study was to investigate emulation of how azo dyes are enzymatically transformed to amines with EC-MS. Material and Methods: The reduction reactions of five azo dyes (Sudans I-IV and Para Red) were conducted using a glassy carbon working electrode and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Reduction results were compared with the literature and in silico to select preliminary candidates for metabolites. The LC-MS/MS method was used to confirm results obtained by electrochemical reactor. Results: A limited number of pre-selected compounds were confirmed as azo dyes metabolites - aniline for Sudan I, aniline and 4-aminoazobenzene for Sudan III, o-toluidine for Sudan IV, and 4-nitroaniline for Para Red. No metabolites were found for Sudan II. Conclusions: Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry was successfully applied to azo dyes. This approach may be used to mimic the metabolism of azo dyes, and therefore predict products of biotransformation.
引用
收藏
页码:433 / 438
页数:6
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