Microbial biomass and enzyme activities in coniferous forest soils as affected by lignite-derived deposition

A forest ecosystem study was conducted along a deposition gradient of air pollutants in old Scots pine stands located near the industrial belt around the city of Bitterfeld in northeast Germany from 1999 to 2000. In order to estimate the impact of different atmospheric deposition loads on microbial biomass and enzyme activities, samples were taken from the forest floor (L, F, and H horizon) and the mineral topsoil (0-10 cm). The emission-induced increases in ferromagnetic susceptibility, soil pH, concentrations of mobile (NH4NO3 extractable) Cr and Ni, effective cation exchange capacity, and base saturation in the humus layer along the 25-km long transect reflected that great portions of the past depositions were characterized by alkaline fly ash. Alkaline depositions significantly (P <0.05) decreased the microbial biomass C and N contents, microbial biomass C-to-organic C ratios, and microbial respiration rates, but increased the metabolic quotient (qCO(2)) of the mineral topsoil and forest floor. Variations in microbial biomass and activity can mainly be predicted (r(2) =0.60) by the concentrations of Ca, Zn and Cd in these forest soils. The specific activities (activity kg(-1) organic C) of L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, arylsulfatase, and in part, acid phosphatase were significantly (P <0.05) higher at forest sites receiving higher fly ash loads than those of the other sites, and thus followed the trend of the qCO(2). In contrast, the specific activity of beta-glucosidase was significantly (P <0.05) decreased at heavily affected sites compared to moderate and less affected sites, suggesting an inhibition of C mineralization in the forest floor of pine stands affected by predominantly alkaline emissions. A great portion (r(2) =0.91) of the variation in the specific enzyme activity data in forest soils in emission areas can be predicted from a linear combination of the variables total organic C and NH4Cl-extractable Ca, pH and effective cation exchange capacity.