Assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar and wind energy-based electric vehicle charging station with battery, hydrogen, and ammonia energy storages

Since the main objective of expanding the deployment of electric vehicle (EV) usage is to reduce the dependency on carbon-based fuels, it is essential to consider eco-friendly and renewable sources to generate the power needed for charging those vehicles. This study suggests and analyzes a stand-alone solar and wind energy-driven integrated system with electro/chemical energy storage to provide independent and uninterruptable power supply for EV charging stations. Due to the intermittent nature of the utilized renewable energy sources, energy storage is a key concern to be considered in this study. Therefore, in addition to batteries, hydrogen and ammonia are considered as energy storage media, which can be converted into electricity through fuel cells on demand. The results show that with selected commercialized photovoltaic power plant covering an area of about 1500