Spatial attention and response control in healthy younger and older adults and individuals with Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for disproportionate selection impairments in the Simon task

The authors examined the degree to which aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) influence the ability to control attention when conflict is presented in terms of incongruent mapping between a stimulus and the appropriate response. In a variant of the Simon task, healthy older adults and older adults with mild or very mild AD showed disproportionately larger reaction time (RT) costs when the stimulus and response were in conflict relative to RT costs of healthy younger adults. Analyses of RT distributions provide support for a 2-process model of the Simon effect in which there is a short-lived transient effect of the irrelevant dimension in younger adults and a more sustained influence across the RT distribution in older adults. An analysis of error rates showed that the older adults with mild and very mild AD made more errors on incongruent trials, suggesting that AD leads to increased likelihood of selecting the prepotent pathway. The findings are discussed in terms of the special nature of the response requirements of the Simon task to better illuminate the attentional decrements in both healthy aging and early stage AD.