Capacitive conjugated ladder polymers for fast-charge and -discharge sodium-ion batteries and hybrid supercapacitors

The large-scale applications of energy storage systems result in a great demand for low cost materials with high capacities and high rate performance. Conjugated organic/polymeric materials have attracted great attention owing to their flexibility, abundant resources, low cost and tunability of performance through molecular design. However, it is still challenging to develop novel materials with both high capacities and high rate performance. Here, a novel conjugated polymer with a unique ladder structure is developed and applied in both organic sodium-ion batteries (OSIBs) and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). The asprepared conjugated polymer/graphene composites delivered a large specific capacity of similar to 245 mA h g(-1) at 0.2 A g(-1)for OSIBs and excellent rate performance (capacity of similar to 210 mA h g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) (similar to 3.3C)) and cycle stabilities (>1400 cycles) with a capacity retention of 98%. Moreover, the fast charge transfer and rapid ionic diffusion of PYT-TABQ/rGO electrodes made them promising for high-energy-density supercapacitors. The electrodes displayed a high specific pseudocapacitance of 312.5 F g(-1) with a high capacity retention of 94.5% even after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g(-1). This work provides an efficient approach to design multi-functional organic/polymeric electrodes toward next-generation advanced high performance energy storage devices.