Juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. experience high mortality at marine entry, yet our quantitative understanding of predation during this critical period is limited. We evaluated spatial, temporal, and size-based patterns of predation on hatchery- and wild-born juvenile Chum Salmon O. keta by two abundant predators in Southeast Alaska estuaries: the Pacific Staghorn Sculpin Leptocottus armatus and Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma. For the predators we sampled, Chum Salmon comprised 4.5% of the diet by weight for Pacific Staghorn Sculpin (n = 937) and 19.6% of the diet by weight for Dolly Varden (n = 448), with 88% of the individual Chum Salmon consumed originating from hatcheries. Variation in occurrence of Chum Salmon in diets was driven by date, site, and local Chum Salmon density. The quantity of Chum Salmon consumed by Pacific Staghorn Sculpin varied with predator length, Chum Salmon density, and the proportion of hatchery fish present; however, date was the only important predictor for Dolly Varden. The mean length of Chum Salmon in the diets of both predators was significantly shorter than that of concurrent hatchery releases or seine catches, suggesting size-selective predation on smaller individuals. This pattern indicates that hatchery strategies of releasing larger individuals may reduce the initial vulnerability of hatchery salmon to estuarine predators.
