Copper-Catalyzed Desaturation of Lactones, Lactams, and Ketones under pH-Neutral Conditions

A copper-catalyzed desaturation method that is suitable for converting lactones, lactams, and cyclic ketones to their alpha,beta-unsaturated counterparts is reported. The reaction does not require strong base/acid or sulfur/selenium reagents and can be carried out through a simple one-step operation. The protocol uses inexpensive catalysts and reagents and exhibits excellent scalability and functional group tolerance. Notably, tert-butyl alcohol is the only stoichiometric byproduct produced, and overoxidation is not observed. The reaction mechanism has been investigated through control experiments, deuterium labeling, radical clock, electron paramagnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and kinetic studies. The data obtained are consistent with a reaction pathway involving reversible alpha-deprotonation by a Cu(II)-(OBu)-Bu-t species followed by further oxidation of the resulting Cu enolate.