Synthesis, characterization, and anti-fouling properties of cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol-grafted nanodiamond nanocomposite membranes for humic acid removal from contaminated water

Polyethylene glycol-grafted nanodiamond (ND-PEG) was synthesized from pristine detonation NDs and utilized to prepare novel cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol-grafted nanodiamond(CA/ND-PEG)nanocomposite membranes. Due to unique thermal, mechanical, and antibacterial properties and very easy cleaning of fouled ND-embedded CA nanocomposite membranes, we tried to investigate the performance of CA/ND-PEG membrane for humic acid (HA) removal from contaminated water. Surface functionalization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry analysis. Pristine and functionalized ND with different concentration was added in the casting solution containing CA. The prepared membranes were characterized using contact angle, mechanical strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and permeation tests. SEM micrographs of the surface of the membranes depicted the increase in the number of pores by the addition of ND and especially ND-PEG into polymer matrix. The results indicated that the nanocomposite membrane with 0.5 wt% ND-PEG exhibited excellent hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, permeability, high rejection, high abrasion resistance, and good anti-fouling performance. The HA adsorption on the membrane surface decreased from 2.85 to 2.15 mg cm(-2) when the ND-PEG content increased from 0 to 0.5 wt%. Most importantly, the HA filtration experiments revealed that the incorporation of ND and especially ND-PEG particles reduced membrane irreversible fouling, dramatically. Meanwhile, the analysis of the fouling mechanism based on Hermia's model revealed that cake formation is a prevailing mechanism for all membranes.