Dissecting the genetic basis of focal cortical dysplasia: a large cohort study

被引：263

作者：

Baldassari, Sara ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
]}

Ribierre, Theo ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
]}

Marsan, Elise ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
]}

Adle-Biassette, Homa ^{[5
,6
,7
]}

Ferrand-Sorbets, Sarah ^{[8
]}

Bulteau, Christine ^{[8
]}

Dorison, Nathalie ^{[8
]}

Fohlen, Martine ^{[8
]}

Polivka, Marc ^{[7
]}

Weckhuysen, Sarah ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
,9
]}

Dorfmueller, Georg ^{[8
]}

Chipaux, Mathilde ^{[8
]}

Baulac, Stephanie ^{[1
,2
,3
,4
]}

机构：

[1] UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Univ, UMR S 1127, Paris, France

[2] INSERM, U1127, Paris, France

[3] CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris, France

[4] Hop La Pitie Salpetriere, Inst Cerveau & Moelle Epiniere ICM, 47 Bd Hop, F-75013 Paris, France

[5] Hop Robert Debre, INSERM UMR 1141, F-75019 Paris, France

[6] Univ Paris 07, Fac Med Denis Diderot, Paris, France

[7] Hop Lariboisiere, AP HP, Serv Anat & Cytol Pathol, F-75010 Paris, France

[8] Rothschild Fdn Hosp, Dept Pediat Neurosurg, F-75019 Paris, France

[9] Univ Hosp Antwerp, Dept Neurol, Antwerp, Belgium

来源：

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA | 2019年 / 138卷 / 06期

关键词：

Neurogenetics; Epilepsy-associated focal cortical dysplasia; mTOR pathway; Somatic variant; Brain mosaicism; BRAIN SOMATIC MUTATIONS; MTOR PATHWAY; CONSENSUS CLASSIFICATION; DIAGNOSTIC METHODS; MALFORMATIONS; MECHANISMS; EPILEPSY; SPECTRUM; TARGET;

D O I：

10.1007/s00401-019-02061-5

中图分类号：

R74 [神经病学与精神病学];

学科分类号：

摘要：

Genetic malformations of cortical development (MCDs), such as mild MCDs (mMCD), focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), and hemimegalencephaly (HME), are major causes of severe pediatric refractory epilepsies subjected to neurosurgery. FCD2 are characterized by neuropathological hallmarks that include enlarged dysmorphic neurons (DNs) and balloon cells (BCs). Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the contribution of germline and somatic variants in a large cohort of surgical MCD cases. We enrolled in a monocentric study 80 children with drug-resistant epilepsy and a postsurgical neuropathological diagnosis of mMCD, FCD1, FCD2, or HME. We performed targeted gene sequencing ( >= 2000X read depth) on matched blood-brain samples to search for low-allele frequency variants in mTOR pathway and FCD genes. We were able to elucidate 29% of mMCD/FCD1 patients and 63% of FCD2/HME patients. Somatic loss-of-function variants in the N-glycosylation pathway-associated SLC35A2 gene were found in mMCD/FCD1 cases. Somatic gain-of-function variants in MTOR and its activators (AKT3, PIK3CA, RHEB), as well as germline, somatic and two-hit loss-of-function variants in its repressors (DEPDC5, TSC1, TSC2) were found exclusively in FCD2/HME cases. We show that panel-negative FCD2 cases display strong pS6-immunostaining, stressing that all FCD2 are mTORopathies. Analysis of microdissected cells demonstrated that DNs and BCs carry the pathogenic variants. We further observed a correlation between the density of pathological cells and the variant-detection likelihood. Single-cell microdissection followed by sequencing of enriched pools of DNs unveiled a somatic second-hit loss-of-heterozygosity in a DEPDC5 germline case. In conclusion, this study indicates that mMCD/FCD1 and FCD2/HME are two distinct genetic entities: while all FCD2/HME are mosaic mTORopathies, mMCD/FCD1 are not caused by mTOR-pathway-hyperactivating variants, and similar to 30% of the cases are related to glycosylation defects. We provide a framework for efficient genetic testing in FCD/HME, linking neuropathology to genetic findings and emphasizing the usefulness of molecular evaluation in the pediatric epileptic neurosurgical population.

引用

页码：885 / 900

页数：16

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