Kinematics of suryanamaskar using three-dimensional motion capture

Background: Suryanamaskar, a composite yogasana consisting of a sequence of 12-consecutive poses, producing a balance between flexion and extension is known to have positive health benefits for obesity and physical fitness management, upper limb muscle endurance, and body flexibility. However, limited information is available on biomechanical demands of Suryanamaskar, i.e., kinematic and kinetic. Aims: The present study aimed to explore the kinematics of spine, upper, and lower extremity during Suryanamaskar to enhance greater understanding of Suryanamaskar required for safe and precise prescription in the management of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: Three-dimensional motion capture of Suryanamaskar was performed on 10 healthy trained yoga practitioners with 12-camera Vicon System (Oxford Metrics Group, UK) at a sampling frequency of 100 Hz using 39 retro-reflective markers. Data were processed using plug-in-gait model. Analog data were filtered at 10Hz. Joint angles of the spine, upper, and lower extremities during 12-subsequent poses were computed within Vicon Nexus. Results: Joint motion was largely symmetrical in all poses except pose 4 and 9. The spine moved through a range of 58 degrees flexion to 44 degrees extension. In the lower quadrant, hip moved from 134 degrees flexion to 15 degrees extension, knee flexed to a maximum of 140 degrees, and 3 degrees hyperextension. Ankle moved in a closed kinematic chain through 40 degrees dorsiflexion to 10 degrees plantarflexion. In the upper quadrant, maximum neck extension was76 degrees, shoulder moved through the overhead extension of 183 degrees -56 degrees flexion, elbow through 22 degrees -116 degrees flexion, and wrist from 85 degrees to 3 degrees wrist extension. Conclusions: Alternating wide range of transition between flexion and extension during Suryanamaskar holds potential to increase the mobility of almost all body joints, with stretch on anterior and posterior soft tissues and challenge postural balance mechanisms through a varying base of support.