Model selection, confounder control, and marginal structural models: Review and new applications

In traditional regression modeling, to control for confounding by a variable one must include it in the structural part of the statistical model. Marginal structural models are a flexible new set of causal models. The estimation methods used to estimate model parameters use weighting to control for confounding; this allows more flexibility in choosing covariates for inclusion in the structural model and allows the model to more precisely reflect the scientific questions of interest. An important example of this is in multicenter observational studies where there is confounding by cluster. We illustrate these points with data from a study of surgery to provide vascular access for hemodialysis and a study comparing different timings for coronary angioplasty.