The structure and rheology of organo-montmorillonite in oil-based system aged under different temperatures

This work aims to study the structure of organo-montmorillonite (OMt), structure of OMt/oil gels and the rheology of OMt/oil fluids aged under different temperatures. Most important, we focused on the relationship among OMt, OMt/oil and temperatures. The results of XRD and contact angle test demonstrated that surfactants loading deeply influenced the structure and surface properties of OMt. The results of XRD, optical microscope and gel volume of OMt/oil indicated that the structure of OMt in oil went through three stages with the temperature rising: swelling --> continuous swelling --> exfoliation --> shrinking. The enwinding, absorption and other attraction among absorbed surfactants bridged individual OMt sheets, particles and aggregates, forming the gel structure. The swelling and gel formation of OMt/oil were influenced by the surface/interface properties, basal spacing, surfactants loadings and temperature. Dynamic rheological curves demonstrated that OMt/oil followed the Bingham plastic model at high shear rate (often >= 20 s(-1)) while deviation emerged at low shear rate range. The viscosity, gel strength and thixotropy of OMt/oil were relevant to the structure which was influenced by multiple elements, such as surface/interface properties, basal spacing, surfactants loadings, temperature, etc. The best performance of individual element did not automatically lead to the greatest rheological properties. Higher surfactants loading, higher d(001) without very ordered internal lattice and moderate polarity of surface/interface of OMt were expected. For oil-based drilling fluids containing OMt prepared with cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), the operating temperature was advised below 150 degrees C. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.