BSEResU-Net: An attention-based before-activation residual U-Net for retinal vessel segmentation

Background and objectives: Retinal vessels are a major feature used for the physician to diagnose many retinal diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and Glaucoma. Therefore, the designing of an auto segmentation algorithm for retinal vessel draw great attention in medical field. Recently, deep learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) show extraordinary potential for the task of vessel segmentation. However, most of the deep learning methods only take advantage of the shallow networks with a traditional cross-entropy objective, which becomes the main obstacle to further improve the performance on a task that is imbalanced. We therefore propose a new type of residual U-Net called Before-activation Squeeze-and-Excitation ResU-Net (BSEResu-Net) to tackle the aforementioned issues. Methods: Our BSEResU-Net can be viewed as an encoder/decoder framework that constructed by Before activation Squeeze-and-Excitation blocks (BSE Blocks). In comparison to the current existing CNN structures, we utilize a new type of residual block structure, namely BSE block, in which the attention mechanism is combined with skip connection to boost the performance. What's more, the network could consistently gain accuracy from the increasing depth as we incorporate more residual blocks, attributing to the dropblock mechanism used in BSE blocks. A joint loss function which is based on the dice and cross entropy loss functions is also introduced to achieve more balanced segmentation between the vessel and non-vessel pixels. Results: The proposed BSEResU-Net is evaluated on the publicly available DRIVE, STARE and HRF datasets. It achieves the F1-score of 0.8324, 0.8368 and 0.8237 on DRIVE, STARE and HRF dataset, respectively. Experimental results show that the proposed BSEResU-Net outperforms current state-of-the-art algorithms. Conclusions: The proposed algorithm utilizes a new type of residual blocks called BSE residual blocks for vessel segmentation. Together with a joint loss function, it shows outstanding performance both on low and high-resolution fundus images. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.