Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu's arteritis (TA) are large vessel vasculitis (LW) and aortic involvement is not uncommon in Behcet's disease (BD) and relapsing polychondritis (RP). Glucocorticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy in LW. However, a significant proportion of patients have glucocorticoid dependance, serious side effects or refractory disease to steroids and other immunosuppressive treatments such as cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and methotrexate. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis have resulted in the use of biological agents in patients with LW. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha drugs seem effective in patients with refractory Takayasu arteritis and vascular BD but have failed to do so in giant cell arteritis. Preliminary reports on the use of the anti-IL6-receptor antibody (tocilizumab), in LW have been encouraging. The development of new biologic targeted therapies will probably open a promising future for patients with LW. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Kermani, Tanaz A.
Dasgupta, Bhaskar
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Southend Univ Hosp, Dept Rheumatol, Westcliff On Sea, England
Anglia Ruskin Univ, Westcliff On Sea, EnglandUniv Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
机构:
Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Univ Campania L Vanvitelli, Dept Precis Med, Sect Rheumatol, Naples, ItalyAzienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Macaluso, Federica
Marvisi, Chiara
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Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Chirurg Med Odontoiatr & Sci Morfol, Rheumatol Unit, Modena, ItalyAzienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Marvisi, Chiara
Castrignano, Paola
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Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Chirurg Med Odontoiatr & Sci Morfol, Rheumatol Unit, Modena, ItalyAzienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Castrignano, Paola
Pipitone, Nicolo
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Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, ItalyAzienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Pipitone, Nicolo
Salvarani, Carlo
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Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento Chirurg Med Odontoiatr & Sci Morfol, Rheumatol Unit, Modena, ItalyAzienda Unita Sanitaria Locale IRCCS Reggio Emili, Rheumatol Unit, Viale Risorgimento 80, I-42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
机构:
Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Div Arthrit & Rheumat Dis, Portland, OR 97239 USA
Vet Affairs Portland Hlth Care Syst, Rheumatol Sect, Portland, OR 97239 USAOregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Div Arthrit & Rheumat Dis, Portland, OR 97239 USA