A probabilistic approach for high cycle fatigue of Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured parts taking into account process-induced pores

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a direct-energy deposition technique (unlike SLM or EBM) that builds up a part in a layer-by-layer fashion, each layer being constituted of interlaced weld beads. It is the best suited Additive Manufacturing (AM) technique for large structures thanks to its high deposition rate (5 kg/h). The resulting material shows a rough surface, strong residual stress induced by its complex thermal history, a heterogeneous microstructure marked by the different weld passes as well as defects formed by gas pockets. Despite their rarity, pores are found to have a first-order influence on the fatigue life of machined specimens. The discrepancy in their size (> 100 mu m) and position is responsible for a considerable scatter that makes classical fatigue tests ineffective. The aim of this study is to propose a novel approach to take into account the effect of rare WAAM-induced defects in high cycle fatigue. To achieve this, numerical porous structures are generated from the knowledge of the real pore population determined by tomography. Their fatigue performances are predicted via a two-scale probabilistic model identified on experimental self-heating results, on which pores have no influence. In that sense, the probabilistic model describes the behavior of a virtually healthy material. Then, by computing a database of representative pore cases, the whole bundle of Wo center dot hler curves for each numerical porous structure is determined. Finally, the numerical fatigue scatter is in close agreement with experimental data, and it is shown that the ranking in pore criticality according to the model matches the fractography observations.