Nitrogen removal performance and operation strategy of anammox process under temperature shock

Sequencing batch reactors were used to study anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process under temperature shock. Both long-term (15-35 A degrees C) and short-term (10-50 A degrees C) temperature effects on nitrogen removal performance were performed. In reactor operation test, the results indicated that ammonium removal rate decreased from 0.35 kg/(m(3) day) gradually to 0.059 kg/(m(3) day) when temperature dropped from 35 to 15 A degrees C. Although bacteria morphology was not modified, sludge settling velocity decreased with decreasing temperature. In batch test, apparent activation energy (E-a) increased with decreasing temperature, which suggested the activity decrease of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AAOB). Low temperature inhibited AAOB and weakened nitrogen removal performance. The cardinal temperature model with inflection was first used to describe temperature effect on anammox process. Simulated results revealed that anammox reaction could occur at 10.52-50.15 A degrees C with maximum specific anammox activity of 0.50 kg/(kg day) at 36.72 A degrees C. The cold acclimatization of AAOB could be achieved and glycine betaine could slightly improve nitrogen removal performance at low temperature.