Startling Differences: Using the Acoustic Startle Response to Study Sex Differences and Neurosteroids in Affective Disorders

被引:23
作者
Hantsoo, Liisa [1 ]
Golden, Carla E. M. [2 ,3 ]
Kornfield, Sara [1 ]
Grillon, Christian [4 ]
Epperson, C. Neill [1 ,5 ,6 ]
机构
[1] Univ Penn, Dept Psychiat, Perelman Sch Med, 3535 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[2] Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Seaver Autism Ctr Res & Treatment, New York, NY 10029 USA
[3] Icahn Sch Med Mt Sinai, Dept Psychiat, New York, NY 10029 USA
[4] NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
[5] Univ Penn, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Perelman Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
[6] Univ Penn, Penn PROMOTES Res Sex & Gender Hlth, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
关键词
Sex; Startle; Affect; Psychophysiology; Electromyography; Translational; FEAR-POTENTIATED STARTLE; MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER; PREPULSE INHIBITION DEFICITS; COMBINED ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; LATE LUTEAL-PHASE; GENDER-DIFFERENCES; STRIA TERMINALIS; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; PANIC DISORDER;
D O I
10.1007/s11920-018-0906-y
中图分类号
R749 [精神病学];
学科分类号
100205 ;
摘要
Neuroactive steroid hormones, such as estradiol and progesterone, likely play a role in the pathophysiology of female-specific psychiatric disorders such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and postpartum depression and may contribute to the marked sex differences observed in the incidence and presentation of affective disorders. However, few tools are available to study the precise contributions of these neuroactive steroids (NSs). In this review, we propose that the acoustic startle response (ASR), an objective measure of an organism's response to an emotional context or stressor, is sensitive to NSs. As such, the ASR represents a unique translational tool that may help to elucidate the contribution of NSs to sex differences in psychiatric disorders. Findings suggest that anxiety-potentiated startle (APS) and prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI) are the most robust ASR paradigms for assessing contribution of NSs to affective disorders, while affective startle response modulation (ASRM) appears less diagnostic of sex or menstrual cycle (MC) effects. However, few studies have appropriately used ASR to test a priori hypotheses about sex or MC differences. We recommend that ASR studies account for sex as a biological variable (SABV) and hormonal status to further knowledge of NS contribution to affective disorders.
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页数:11
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