Cleaner production of micronutrients from sesame seed pressed cake: a comparative study

This work presents the valorisation of a biowaste obtained from sesame oil production by using ultrasound-assisted (UAE) extraction, which is an environmentally friendly method consuming relatively less energy. Sesame seed pressed cake provided from different origins (Sudan, Turkey, and Yemen) was extracted by two solvent systems (ethanol and methanol). The response surface approach (RSA) as a statistical experimental design method has been utilized for the investigation of experimental design, optimization, and process parameter effect through central composite face-centered (CCFC) design of RSA. The optimum conditions for sesame seed pressed cake extraction are as follows: in regard to ethanol (EtOH), amplitude was 38.62% along with 44.68% of EtOH solution for 63.31 min with respect to sesame seed pressed cake of Sudan; regarding Turkish samples, the amplitude was 38.5% along with 54.18% of EtOH solution for 59.72 min, whereas the optimal conditions were found as 39.01% of amplitude, 60.69 min of extraction time, and 56.62% of EtOH solution for the sample from Yemen to obtain the maximum yields of each dependent variable such as total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF). Concerning methanol (MeOH), amplitude was 36.79% along with 72.73% of MeOH solution for 60.01 min with respect to sesame seed pressed cake of Sudan; regarding Turkish samples, the amplitude was 37.04% along with 71.49% of MeOH solution for 60.08 min, whereas the optimal conditions were found as 37.79% of amplitude, 60.69 min of extraction time, and 79.96% of MeOH solution for the Yemeni samples. .