Tsarist Russia was one of the biggest states in the world at the start of the twentieth century. Its extremely centralist character, expansionist goals and modernization efforts were worthy of mention. The continuation of autocratic rule based on the ruling family's sacred and untouchable character, the assimilation of different nations in the service of Russianization, and the intention to convert all Russian subjects to the Orthodox religion were the major aims of official circles and the tsarist government. However, a large number of pro-change Russian peoples, on whom western revolutionists had had significant effects, were in search of a path different from that of the central government. While Russia was pursuing an expansionist big state mentality in international politics, internal separatist and revolutionist movements increasingly harassed it. Thus, Russia, which had established its rule over large territories, entered the twentieth century in a chaotic environment in which traditional institutions were quarrelling against a new order desired by revolutionist circles. Traditional Russian manners towards the Turks continued at the start of the twentieth century. Russia maintained its policy of dividing and annexing strategically important regions of the Ottoman Empire. It tried at the same time to assimilate the Turks living within Russia and hinder their development on the road toward civilization, culture and enlightenment. Despite all difficulties, the Turks living within the Empire struggled for opportunities for cultural development and political rights.
