Utilizing of coral/sea sand as aggregates in environment-friendly marine mortar: Physical properties, carbonation resistance and microstructure

The utilization of marine waste and resources to produce eco-friendly building materials is essential for the sustainable development of the construction industry on islands and coastal areas. The sea sand and coral sand sourced from coral waste are the most promising. Therefore, the objective of this work is to investigate the feasibility of coral/sea sand as fine aggregate to prepare an environment-friendly marine mortar. The effects of various volume fractions of coral sand intended to replace sea sand on the flowability, physical performances, carbonation resistance, and microstructure of the prepared marine mortars were evaluated. The experimental results showed that as the sea sand replacement by coral sand was increased, the flowability and dry bulk density decreased, while the water absorption increased. Encouragingly, usage of a combination of coral and sea sands enhanced the flexural strength of marine mortars. A mixture containing 80 vol% of coral sand showed the best effect. The carbonation depth of marine mortar was found to noticeably increase with increasing replacement ratios of sea sand by coral sand, closely relating to the increase in the volume of capillary and large pores. In particular, the combined utilization of coral sand and sea sand resulted in a compacted interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between fine aggregates and the matrix.