Invasive Aspergillosis in Liver Transplant Recipients: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes in 116 Cases

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) in liver transplant recipients is associated with grave outcomes. We reviewed 116 individual cases reported in the literature from 1985 to 2013. IA was diagnosed after a median of 25 days after transplantation and involved a single organ in 51% of the cases, whereas in the remaining cases, multiple sites were involved. The most common infecting Aspergillus species were Aspergillus fumigatus (73%), Aspergillus flavus (14%), and Aspergillus terreus (8%). Amphotericin B was the drug most frequently used, and it was followed by voriconazole and itraconazole. Combination regimens were used in 51% of the cases. The overall 1-year cumulative survival probability was 35% [95% confidence interval (CI)=24.6%-49.6%]. Survival was significantly higher for patients reported from the year 2000 and thereafter (P<0.001), for those diagnosed with IA more than 30 days after transplantation versus those diagnosed earlier (P=0.019), and for patients without renal failure (P=0.020). Additionally, the use of voriconazole was significantly associated with a higher probability of survival (P<0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that subjects with the involvement of multiple sites had a 2.52 times higher risk of a negative outcome (95% CI=1.08-5.87) than those with the involvement of a single site. Thus, IA causes life-threatening infections in liver transplant recipients. Predictors associated with poor outcomes may help clinicians to optimize the management of this infection. Liver Transpl 21:204-212, 2015. (c) 2014 AASLD.