Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse Standards in Southern Europe: Focus on Agriculture

被引:93
作者
Lavrnic, S. [1 ,2 ]
Zapater-Pereyra, M. [3 ]
Mancini, M. L. [2 ]
机构
[1] Univ Cadiz, Campus Puerto Real,Poligono San Pedro S-N, Cadiz 11519, Spain
[2] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Ingn Civile Chim Ambientale & Mat, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, Italy
[3] Gottfried Keller Str 25, D-81245 Munich, Germany
关键词
Agriculture; Southern Europe; Wastewater reuse; Wastewater reuse guidelines; Water scarcity; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES; REGULATIONS; MUNICIPAL;
D O I
10.1007/s11270-017-3425-2
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Climate change affects water resources worldwide, and Southern Europe is one of the areas where water scarcity is expected to increase in the future. Different water scarcity indicators discussed in this manuscript (e.g. total annual actual renewable water resources, water exploitation index and dependency ratio) showed that some parts of this region are already facing water stress and that climate change could have a great impact on their water supply sector. As agriculture is the biggest consumer of water in the world and also in this particular region, potential water scarcity will impose the need to find new water sources. Treated wastewater reuse would decrease the pressure on the environment and is especially suitable for reuse in agriculture since it already contains some nutrients required for plant growth. However, in order to use it safely, treated wastewater must reach a certain quality that should be regulated. In the south of Europe, 4 countries out of 15 have already adopted wastewater reuse regulations (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain). This review compares these regulations and discusses their differences.
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页数:12
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