Glutathione-mimetic D609 alleviates memory deficits and reduces amyloid- deposition in an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model

Excessive extracellular deposition of amyloid--peptide (A) in the brain is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxidative stress is associated with the onset and progression of AD and contributes to A generation. Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is a glutathione (GSH)-mimetic compound. Although the antioxidant properties of D609 have been well-studied, its potential therapeutic significance on AD remains unclear. In the present study, we used a mouse model of AD to investigate the effects and the mechanism of action of D609 on AD. We found that D609 treatment significantly improved the spatial learning and alleviated the memory decline in the mice harboring amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) double mutations (APP/PS1 mice). D609 treatment also increased GSH level, GSH and oxidative glutathione ratio, and superoxide dismutase activity, whereas decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels, suggesting that D609 alleviated oxidative stress in APP/PS1 mice. In addition, D609 reduced -secretase 1 level and decreased amyloidogenic processing of APP, consequently reducing A deposition in the mice. Thus, our findings suggest that D609 might produce beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of AD.