High temperature heat pumps: Market overview, state of the art, research status, refrigerants, and application potentials

This study reviews the current state of the art and the current research activities of high temperature heat pumps (HTHPs) with heat sink temperatures in the range of 90 to 160 degrees C. The focus is on the analysis of the heat pump cycles and the suitable refrigerants. More than 20 HTHPs from 13 manufacturers have been identified on the market that are able to provide heat sink temperatures of at least 90 degrees C. Large application potentials have been recognized particularly in the food, paper, metal and chemical industries. The heating capacities range from about 20 kW to 20 MW. Most cycles are single-stage and differ primarily in the refrigerant (e.g. R245fa, R717, R744, R134a or R1234ze(E)) and compressor type used. The COPs range from 2.4 to 5.8 at a temperature lift of 95 to 40 K. Several research projects push the limits of the achievable COPs and heat sink temperatures to higher levels. COPs of about 5.7 to 6.5 (at 30 K lift) and 2.2 and 2.8 (70 K) are achieved at a sink temperature of 120 degrees C. The refrigerants investigated are mainly R1336mzz(Z), R718, R245fa, R1234ze(Z), R600, and R601. R1336mzz(Z) enables to achieve exceptionally high heat sink temperatures of up to 160 degrees C. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.