The Flux Distribution and Sky Density of 25th Magnitude Main Belt Asteroids

Digital tracking enables telescopes to detect asteroids several times fainter than conventional techniques. We describe our optimized methodology to acquire, process, and interpret digital tracking observations, and we apply it to probe the apparent magnitude distribution of main belt asteroids fainter than any previously detected from the ground. All-night integrations with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) yield 95% completeness at R magnitude 25.0 and useful sensitivity to R=25.6 mag when we use an analytical detection model to correct flux overestimation bias. In a single DECam field observed over two nights, we detect a total of 3234 distinct asteroids, of which 3123 are confirmed on both nights. At opposition from the Sun, we find a sky density of 69715 asteroids per square degree brighter than R=25.0 mag, and 103123 brighter than R=25.6 mag. We agree with published results for the sky density and apparent magnitude distribution of asteroids brighter than R=23 mag. For a power law defined by dN/dR - 10-(R), we find marginally acceptable fits with a constant slope alpha=0.280.02 from R=20 to 25.6 mag. Better fits are obtained for a broken power law with alpha=0.2180.026 for R=20-23.5 mag, steepening to alpha=0.3400.025 for R=23.5-25.6 mag. The constant or steepening power law indicates that asteroids fainter than R=23.5 mag are abundant, contrary to some previous claims but consistent with theory.