Induced meiotic gynogenesis of paddlefish Polyodon spathula

Viable, diploid gynogenetic (gynogenotes) paddlefish Polyodon spathula were produced by activating eggs with ultraviolet-irradiated shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus spermatozoa and heat shocking. Without irradiation treatment, sturgeon spermatozoa appeared to activate the eggs (up to gastrulation), but did not result in any viable hybrids. Experiment 1 determined that heat-shock treatment of 35 C for a 2-min duration within the interval of 2-22 min post-activation resulted in highest yield of gynogenotes (12-19%) from eggs incubated at 18 C. Experiment 2 applied the heat shock treatment at 35 C from 14.0 to 28.0 min in 2-min intervals after activation at 18 C for a larger scale of gynogenetic production. Both experiments showed that the best yields of gynogenotes were obtained when the heat shock treatment occurred at 16, 18, and 20 min after activation. When these times were expressed in terms of tau(0) units (duration of one mitotic cycle of synchronous cell division related to water temperatures), optimal activations were 0.26, 0.29, and 0.32 tau(0) (tau(0) @ 18 C = 63.5 min). Experiment 3 tested the utility of tau(0) at two different pre shock incubation water temperatures of 18 C and 16 C, and determined that there was no significant interaction in percentage of viable gynogenotes between two different incubation temperatures and the mitotic intervals (0.21, 0.26, 0.31, 0.36, 0.41 tau(0)) tested. Best survival of gynogenotes occurred when eggs held at either pre-shock incubation water temperatures mere shocked at 0.26 tau(0). All gynogenotes examined were histologically confirmed to have ovarian tissue and were determined to have similar oocyte development to that of normal female (control) paddlefish.