The impact of thinking tools on the argumentation skills of pre-service science teachers in flipped learning

This research is aimed at exploring the effect of the application of thinking tools on the pre-service science teachers' argumentation skills in flipped learning. A single-group repeated experiment was conducted, involving 34 pre-service science teachers from a large research university in central China. Data about students' argumentation abilities and attitudes towards the thinking tools was collected. The finding was that compared with the use of a diagram-based thinking tool, the pre-service science teachers ranked higher in argumentation skills when using a text-based online collaborative visual thinking tool. Although they agreed that the online collaborative visual diagram-based thinking tool could better reflect their thinking processes, they also tended to use the online text-based visual thinking tool.