Self-efficacy as a crucial psychological predictor of treatment adherence among elderly people living with HIV: analyses based on the health belief model

Medication adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among elderly people living with HIV (PLWH) is of serious concern. Our study aimed to understand the medication adherence of elderly PLWH under ART based on the health belief model (HBM). A baseline survey with a total of 529 elderly PLWH was conducted in Sichuan. Logistic and linear regression analysis, mediation analysis, and path analysis based on prior evidence were used. Only self-efficacy showed direct associations with medication adherence in the last four days (ORm = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.70) and the last month (ORm = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.18, 1.63) in the multivariate analysis. Self-efficacy mediated the relations between perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action and medication adherence. Inner relations existed within the HBM. In addition to the direct effects, perceived benefits (beta = 0.149, p = 0.031; beta = 0.093, p = 0.005), perceived barriers (beta = -0.070, p = 0.008; beta = -0.062, p = 0.012), and cues to action (beta = 0.184, p = 0.013; beta = 0.135, p = 0.014) showed indirect effects on medication adherence in the last four days and the last month, respectively. HBM may be effective in predicting medication adherence of elderly PLWH, and self-efficacy may be a crucial predictor and mediator. Efforts should be focused on how to enhance elderly PLWH's self-efficacy without neglect of other medication beliefs.