Prevalence of Cannabidiol, Δ9- and Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Metabolites in Workplace Drug Testing Urine Specimens

被引:5
作者
Vikingsson, Svante [1 ]
Winecker, Ruth E. [1 ]
Cone, Edward J. [2 ]
Kuntz, David J. [3 ]
Dorsey, Brian [3 ]
Jacques, Martin [3 ]
Senter, Melanie [3 ]
Flegel, Ronald R. [4 ]
Hayes, Eugene D. [4 ]
机构
[1] RTI Int, Ctr Forens Sci, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA
[2] Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Behav Pharmacol Res Unit, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
[3] Clin Reference Lab, 8433 Quivira Rd, Lenexa, KS 66214 USA
[4] Subst Abuse & Mental Hlth Serv Adm, Div Workpl Programs, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA
关键词
D O I
10.1093/jat/bkac013
中图分类号
O65 [分析化学];
学科分类号
070302 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Given the recent popularity of cannabidiol (CBD) use and the emergence of Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(8)-THC), the prevalence and concentrations of these and other cannabinoids were investigated in 2,000 regulated and 4,000 non-regulated specimens from workplace drug testing. All specimens were screened using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) for the presence of 7-hydroxy-CBD (7-OH-CBD) and increment (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Delta(9)-THC-COOH), with a cutoff of 2 ng/mL. Specimens screening positive by LC-MS-MS were analyzed by immunoassay at 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL cutoffs and by an LC-MS-MS confirmation method for 11 cannabinoids and metabolites with a 1 ng/mL cutoff. Using a 1 ng/mL cutoff, 98 (4.9%) regulated and 331 (8.3%) non-regulated specimens were positive for Delta(9)-THC-COOH. Of these, 64% had concentrations below 15 ng/mL. Similarly, 59 (3.0%) regulated and 162 (4.2%) non-regulated specimens were positive for 7-OH-CBD (n = 210), CBD (n = 120) and/or 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (CBD-COOH, n = 120). The median concentrations of 7-OH-CBD, CBD and CBD-COOH in those 221 specimens were 6.3, 1.1 and 1.2 ng/mL, respectively. Delta(8)-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Delta(8)-THC-COOH) was identified in 76 (1.3%) specimens. Parent Delta(8)-THC is a minor cannabinoid in marijuana, which appears to account for the typically low Delta(8)-THC-COOH concentrations (median 3.4 ng/mL) in most positive specimens. However, elevated concentrations suggested the use of Delta(8)-THC-containing products in some cases (range 1.0-415 ng/mL). Although 93% agreement was observed between confirmatory LC-MS-MS (15 ng/mL cutoff) and immunoassay (50 ng/mL cutoff), a false-negative specimen (66 ng/mL Delta(9)-THC-COOH) was identified.
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页码:866 / 874
页数:9
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