Development of a Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix-Based Texture Orientation Estimation Method and Its Application in Sea Surface Wind Direction Retrieval From SAR Imagery

A gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)-based method was developed for better texture orientation estimation in remote sensing imagery. A GLCM is essentially the joint probability distribution of gray levels at the position pairs satisfying a specific relative position within an image. We first found that when the relative position is aligned with texture orientation, larger elements of the corresponding GLCM are concentrated diagonally. Then, we developed a new texture orientation estimation method. The method uses the GLCMs of relative positions equally spaced in orientation and distance, and three schemes of these GLCMs are calculated. A GLCM-derived parameter is then defined to quantitatively measure the degree of diagonal concentration of the GLCM elements, and its integral over the variable of relative distance is selected as an indicator to find the dominant texture orientation(s). For testing, we applied the method to 44 selected images containing one or multiple aligned textures. The results show that the method is in good agreement with visual inspections from 45 randomly selected people, and is insensitive to large typical noises and illumination change. In addition, using (any) one GLCM calculation scheme over the others does not significantly affect the results. Finally, the method was applied to sea surface wind direction (SSWD) retrieval from 89 synthetic aperture radar images. In the application test, the developed method achieves better SSWD retrieval accuracy than do the commonly used Fourier transform-and gradient-based methods by 8.13 degrees and 16.09 degrees against the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast ERA-Interim reanalysis data and 10.21 degrees and 17.31 degrees against the cross-calibrated multiplatform data.