A system N balance for a pasture-based system of dairy production under moist maritime climatic conditions

A small proportion (15-35%) of nitrogen (N) entering pasture-based livestock production systems is converted to tradable agricultural products. The majority of remaining N (surplus N) is largely unaccounted for. While some surplus N is retained in the system, which can be beneficial, most is lost through a range of pathways with potential environmental consequences. The objectives of this study were to (i) account for the N entering a pasture-based dairy production system by determining the amount of N exiting in products and lost to the wider environment and (ii) determine the relative importance of the components of this balance sheet. Detailed measurements and estimates of N entering and exiting a pasture-based dairy production system in Ireland (52 degrees 51'N, 08 degrees 21'W) was completed in 2011 and 2012. Total N entering and exiting the system was 245 kg ha(-1) and 269 kg ha(-1), respectively, averaged over both years. The latter being comprised of N exiting in products: 79 kg ha(-1) and losses to the wider environment: 190 kg ha(-1). The N use efficiency of the system was 29% and 37% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The system N balance (mean +/- 95% confidences intervals) was -50 +/- 82 kg ha(-1) in 2011 and +1 +/- 22 kg ha(-1) in 2012 and, hence, came close to equality between N entering and existing the system. Of N lost by various pathways, 6.1% was lost to groundwater, 41.6% as ammonia, 8.0% as nitrous oxide and 43.7% as dinitrogen gas. Although N surpluses on pasture based livestock production systems can be substantial, the results of this study suggest that a high proportion of surplus N was lost as environmentally benign dinitrogen gas. This study also highlights that emphasis should be on ammonia and nitrous oxide to minimise environmentally damaging N losses and improve the N-efficiency of such systems of dairy production. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.