Retinal microvascular function predicts chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiovascular risk factors

Background and aims: Endothelial dysfunction is a precursor to atherosclerosis and is implicated in the coexistence between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined whether retinal microvascular dysfunction is present in subjects with renal impairment and predictive of long-term CKD progression in patients with CVD. Methods: In a single centre prospective observational study, 253 subjects with coronary artery disease and CVD risk factors underwent dynamic retinal vessel analysis. Retinal microvascular dysfunction was quantified by measuring retinal arteriolar and venular dilatation in response to flicker light stimulation. Serial renal function assessment was performed over a median period of 9.3 years using estimated GFR (eGFR). Results: Flicker light-induced retinal arteriolar dilatation (FI-RAD) was attenuated in patients with baseline eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2), compared to those with normal renal function (eGFR >= 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) (1.0 [0.4-2.1]% vs. 2.0 [0.8-3.6]%; p < 0.01). In patients with normal renal function, subjects with the lowest FI-RAD responses exhibited the greatest annual decline in eGFR. In uni-and multivariable analysis, among subjects with normal renal function, a 1% decrease in FI-RAD was associated with an accelerated decline in eGFR of 0.10 (0.01, 0.15; p = 0.03) and 0.07 mL/min/1.73 m(2) per year (0.00, 0.14; p = 0.06), respectively. FI-RAD was not predictive of CKD progression in subjects with baseline eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Conclusions: Retinal arteriolar endothelial dysfunction is present in patients with CVD who have early-stage CKD, and serves as an indicator of long-term CKD progression in those with normal renal function.