Context-sensitive ecological momentary assessments; integrating real-time exposuremeasurements, data-analytics and health assessment using a smartphone application

Introduction: Modern sensor technology makes it possible to collect vast amounts of environmental, behavioural and health data. These data are often linked to contextual information on for example exposure sourceswhich is separately collected with considerable lag time, leading to complications in assessing transient and/or highly spatially variable environmental exposures. Context-Sensitive Ecological Momentary Assessments1 (CS-EMAs) could be used to address this. We present a case study using radio frequency-electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure as an example for implementing CS-EMA in environmental research. Methods: Participants were asked to install a custom application on their own smartphone and to wear an RF-EMF exposimeter for 48 h. Questionnaires were triggered by the application based on a continuous data stream from the exposimeter. Triggers were divided into four categories: relative and absolute exposure levels, phone calls, and control condition. After the two days of use participants filled in an evaluation questionnaire. Results: 74% of all CS-EMAs were completed, with an average time of 31 s to complete a questionnaire once it was opened. Participants reported minimal influence on daily activities. There were no significant differences found between well-being and type of RF-EMF exposure. Conclusions: We show that a CS-EMA based method could be used in environmental research. Using several examples involving environmental stressors, we discuss both current and future applications of this methodology in studying potential health effects of environmental factors. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.